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When disaster strikes

10/3/2012

16 Comments

 
​At some level, the Haiti earthquake of 2010 shook all of us. Measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale, the quake caused 250,000 homes and 30,000 commercial buildings to collapse or suffer damage. 316,000 people died, 300,000 were injured and another 1,000,000 were left homeless. It was an urban natural  disaster of epic proportions. Traumatic media images showed people struggling to escape and rescue others from the ruins. Relief agencies reported severe logistical problems with providing aid because transport and communications infrastructure had been destroyed.

As hours and days progressed, people started to ask questions. Why had the earthquake been so devastating? Would it have had the same effect in richer countries where buildings are designed and constructed to withstand such impacts? What were the underlying causes? It transpired that Haiti had no government-regulated building codes. Houses were built wherever they could fit, often on steep mountain slopes with insufficient foundations. Limited access to  clean water and proper sanitation exacerbated risk of disease in the aftermath of the quake.

This catastrophe illustrated all too painfully a simple predictive equation used by relief agencies throughout the world: hazard + vulnerability = disaster risk. A powerful earthquake (hazard) hits a densely populated urban area with poor housing (vulnerability) and disaster results. A disaster reveals underlying vulnerability to potential and actual hazards. The global financial crisis during the same period as the Haiti earthquake revealed serious flaws in the global banking system, exposing economic vulnerability at local, national and international levels.

Against this backdrop, talk of building resilience, an ability to cope or even thrive in the face of considerable stresses and demands, has understandably become more urgent and commonplace in governmental, non-governmental and commercial institutions. Models of proactive resilience building strategies used in the relief and development sector include disaster risk reduction (identifying and addressing underlying causes) and disaster management (mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery). They have operational parallels in other sectors too.

A friend put it this way. A man lives under a cliff and a rock is about to fall on him. If you can, address whatever is causing the rock to become unstable. If you can’t, do what you can to remove or shore up the rock to prevent it falling. If you can’t, encourage and enable the man to move away from the cliff face. If you can’t, provide him with a helmet and body armour to protect him when the rock falls. If you can’t, have a medical emergency team on hand to increase his chances of survival when it does happen. Once you have done all that, prepare the man for rehabilitation.

Organisations have responded to the resilience challenge in a whole host of ways including continuous environmental scanning, diversifying fundraising or investment portfolios, ensuring clearer brand differentiation, exploring new global markets, forging strategic alliances, investing in innovation, improving customer experience and retention, introducing flexible employment policies and practices, investing in talent management and engagement, ensuring transparent ethical practice. All these tactics aim to reduce and mitigate external and internal risks.

This parallels similar developments in counselling and coaching arenas where the agenda has shifted from reactive or remedial stress or crisis management to a more proactive and developmental focus. People professionals from disciplines ranging from therapy to human resources recognise that people and people systems (e.g. families, teams, communities, organisations) are facing unprecedented challenges and need to learn and develop fresh insights, skills, relationships and resources to face them effectively and prevail. 

In the UK, cognitive behavioural psychology-based approaches have become increasingly popular, helping people to think differently in order to reduce anxiety and stress and to see opportunities in the midst of all kinds of potentially bewildering challenges and changes. The principle works something like this. If I can learn to perceive a situation differently, to see it through fresh eyes, I will feel differently about it and respond or behave differently towards it. This approach can achieve dramatic and quick results and achieve a greater sense of wellbeing. 

Other approaches based on psychotherapy, person-centred or human givens psychology expose and heal internal trauma or emotional struggle. If I can heal the historical pain that experiences may trigger or tap into, I can face new experiences afresh and with greater personal resilience. Psychological coaching has grown in popularity alongside traditional business or performance coaching, reflecting a recognition that how well a person deals with a situation depends as much on the person’s awareness and resilience as on the demands of the situation itself.

Recent psychological innovations include acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) which is concerned less with challenging and changing thoughts about situations than its cognitive behavioural counterpart and more with learning mindfulness. The principle involves growing in awareness, noticing and observing one’s experience rather than struggling with or trying to change it, and learning to rest in a deeper sense of transcendent self. It reframes and embraces pain and difficulty as part of the ebb and flow of life rather than as a dysfunctional problem to be challenged, resisted or resolved.

There are parallels in Buddhism and in Jewish, Christian and Islamic thought. The latter view human experience in the context of a theology of God. The Bible portrays God as actively involved in the world and invokes trust in him as a way of approaching and dealing with experience, e.g. ‘Trust in the Lord with all your heart and don’t rely on your own understanding…’ (Proverbs 3:5); ‘I [God] will never leave you nor forsake you’ (Hebrews 13:5). The Qur‘an, similarly: ‘Nothing can befall us except that which God has ordained…the faithful should put their trust in him.’ (Sura 9:51).

Judeo-Christian theology points far beyond simple rational assent and commitment to an alternative metaphysical social construct and lifestyle. It invites an openness to a spiritual dimension, a willingness to enter into a Supernatural relationship, an ability to draw on a transcendent experience that can result in inner strength, peace and growth in the face of adversity. It also advocates attitudes and behavioural qualities that build resilience at interpersonal and macro-systemic levels, e.g. love, integrity, equality, faithfulness, forgiveness, peace, celebration and hope.

These and similar qualities were found to be highly significant in enabling people and communities to survive during and recover following some of humanity’s worst recent disasters including the Nazi Holocaust, the Asia Tsunami, the Haiti earthquake. In light of this, Western psychosocial approaches and interventions aimed at providing post-traumatic support, based largely on  secular assumptions and methodologies, are  beginning to revisit the spirituality question. There may in fact be more to faith, spiritual reality and experience than a traditional secular functional outlook has presupposed.

This kind of phenomenology enables us to confront crisis and disaster at deep human-existential levels. A crisis challenges our assumptions, reveals our vulnerabilities, evokes our defences, shifts our perspectives, tests our resilience. In Western societies, our culture, wealth and technology have enabled us to insulate ourselves from some of life’s more difficult trials. Since resilience is built through facing challenge with support, some psychologists now believe this external protection is, paradoxically, reducing our inner psychological resilience. Is it time to think again?
16 Comments
Richard L
10/3/2012 10:03:59 am

When that happened, at the same time within the week I crushed my L-4 disc and crippled myself for 5 weeks. I struggled to get up and walk but could not. I watched the entire Haiti earthquake play out on a bed in three different Hospitals while I healed and tried to walk again. It has taken me two years to recover to 90% and I still remember that time as utter anguish and pain. I ques that is probably how they felt to have there home destroyed by earthquake. Although I can't say I understand their plight, I think I feel there pain. I had a series of over twenty shots in my spine of steroid as well as pain killer. I also hade two spinal's that made me dead from the waist down for an hour. After all this i went on a strict diet and worked out as i could as much as i could for one year until i felt ok. I have been on the diet and working out now for two years. I feel great.

Reply
Richard L
11/3/2012 11:40:26 am

Resilience and the meaning of. I have broken my toe, my ankle, my leg and numerous other bones in my hands and body. I have had my appendix out my Gaul bladder out. I have ruptured 6 disks in my back and have had spinal fusion surgery on my neck. My father died young and my mother moved away and lived in another state for the last 18 years of her life. I went bankrupt at 28 and lost my house because I lost my job. I got divorced lost my two sons and destroyed my relationship with them. It took 8 years to get that back. I have been in the hospital so many times I cant count them. I have been layed off 5 times in the past 10 years and fired twice in the past 15 years. The Economic resection/depression has destroyed my earnings and wiped out my savings. I am out of work and out of hope and angry and upset and don't give a dam some times. I just got fired from my last job because I was threatened and bullied and played head games with over religion and politics, and it was not my doing. I went to counseling and she recommended I get involved in politics.

That is why I am here in linked in. I wanted to offer 51 years of hard knocks frustration heart break anguish and utter loneliness to people who don’t have a fucking clue how hard some people have it in America. My father was in the Air force for 20 years and died poor. I served in the Navy for 4 years. I have never asked for help from the government. I have never asked for help from anyone to pay for college or pay for anything, accept one time I was on welfare while recuperating my back injury and they only let me have food stamps and would not help me with housing because I was not a pregnant Latino. My Aunt and Uncle saved my life and helped me when I needed it. My friend, my best friend Mark Robbins helped me with a room to stay in when I needed it. Now if I don't get a job in 3 months I will finally be homeless and destroyed by the greedies on wall street. I am not bitching, I am only stating the truth. And I feel great and work out all the time and hike and visit my sons. I am happy and could use a girl friend but other than that I am good. I still have unshakable faith in Jesus and in God that this is for a reason and that some day I will know why. I have a great respect for all peoples and all faiths. And I don't feel that I have been given a bad deal. I just keep going forward and fighting.

And at 51 I am in better shape now than most twenty somethings. Can you do 400 pushups in a day, I have. Can you walk or run up mountains, I can and do. Can you play a guitar and sing I can and do. Are you at a level of spiritual strength, I am.

Reply
Nick Wright
1/7/2012 03:40:55 am

Thanks, Richard, for sharing such a personal account of the many difficult challenges you have faced in life and how you have somehow developed greater personal resilience through them. A harrowing and inspiring story! With best wishes for the future. Nick

Reply
David M
11/3/2012 11:45:06 am

CATCH the WAVE for resilience? I've been thinking about the vital impact on learning of promoting resilience in young people, but the principles may be applicable more widely...

Conviction (deep seated principles)
Aspiration (seeing what's possible - perhaps when others can't)
Threat (nothing unites quite like a common foe)
Confidence (trust, loyalty, togetherness)
Hope (essential to foster a can do, will do ethic)
and to keep on keeping on
(Early) Wins
All-inclusive
(Clear) Vision
Empower

Reply
Nick Wright
1/7/2012 03:43:28 am

Hi David and thanks for sharing this model. It has some interesting principles in it. I would be interested to hear more about how you have used it with young people and what the impacts have been. With best wishes. Nick

Reply
Shari Khan link
14/3/2012 02:34:47 pm

What a brilliantly holistic view of resilience you've presented here Nick. I read the full blog and comments others had left.
In the UK too resilience and well-being are beginning to creep into the agenda but it's very slow and brought on by the finacial crisis we are facing. Natural disasters test resilience both on a personal and national level but with no time to aclimatise.

I also took the opportunity to read a little more about you...understand that you work for World Vision (not sure what made me think you were in the States?!) great news that they have someone like you heading up L&D/OD. A personal gripe of mine is the insular take so many of our leaders/managers have when it comes to supporting their staff/people to truely flourish. But that may be the discussion for another day.

Reply
Nick Wright
14/3/2012 03:29:37 pm

Thanks for such encouraging feedback, Shari. Yes, the speed of rapid onset emergencies can leave victims and those trying to respond struggling to cope and adapt as a crisis unfolds. In light of this, some agencies like WV pre-position emergency equipment and supplies where disaster risk is known to be high. With best wishes. Nick

Reply
A. Onyeador
14/3/2012 03:31:52 pm

I truly wonder if there is any comparison,in average,that can be compared to this earthquake. indeed it was shocking!

Reply
Nick Wright
1/7/2012 03:45:30 am

Hi A. Yes, it was an earthquake that had terrible impact, made significantly worse by hitting a densely populated urban area. With best wishes. Nick

Reply
Joe S
14/3/2012 03:33:02 pm

Having spent a week in Haiti last Oct., I can testify to the evidence of resiliency. And, I witnessed the importance of represencing this drive/motivation daily given continual strong headwinds. The other lesson was to celebrate life daily given its uncertainty.

Reply
Nick Wright
14/3/2012 03:40:08 pm

Hi Joe. That must have been quite an experience, to see and experience the situation in Haiti first hand. Thanks for sharing what struck you there. Your final comment reminded me of some personal musings I tried to blog about recently: http://www.nick-wright.com/1/post/2012/02/learning-to-live.html. With best wishes. Nick

Reply
Rich
19/3/2012 03:49:24 am

Having survived the Christchurch earthquakes I can attest to our good fortune in that these occurrences claimed so few lives in comparison based around building codes, recovery services and even a fair bit of dumb luck.

The most important factor though was our initial impact back in September 2010, there was no loss of life, despite significant damage, due to both timing and luck. We learnt a lot of lessons. Not to take for granted that water and sanitation is at the turning of a tap or pressing of a button. That food may not be available and that electricity is a utility, not necessity.

Now however a year after our most significant quake in February 2011 we are still floundering, our value on life confused in a beaurocratic muddle of deferred liability with confused access and recovery plans.

This week I have the good fortune to assist a friend in recovering much of his plant from a cafe, from a building which is to be demolished because the owners have pleaded poverty, their insurer bankrupt and the business not trading.

This is the new normal and I feel absolute pity for those unable to support themselves in other countries in worse conditions, given that here we had the love and support of surrounding communities and countries.

Some people here no doubt rely on a level of spirituality that may be provided from their heart, an institution or even just an establishment that exemplifies a level of normality.

Some people will traffic in human misery, whether it be seeking to make profit or exploit others.

But many others will and have become their brother's keeper out of the goodness of their hearts and from the realisation of what it means to be community; I hope that this is something everybody at some point in their life experiences.

Reply
Nick Wright
1/7/2012 03:49:47 am

Thanks Rich for such a stark but heartwarming account of your experiences and reflections following the Christchurch earthquake. I have colleagues with family and friends in Christchurch who have shared similar stories and experiences. With best wishes for the future. Nick

Reply
Felicity O'Hanlon
2/7/2012 01:36:53 pm

Nick, finally read your blog post on 'when disaster strikes'. Wow, this is a profound and insightful piece where again you draw together many threads in a skillful resolution and raise awareness around the roles of coaching and psychology and the diverse natures of business and relief organisations. You highlight not only how there are different types of coaching but also different types of psychological interventions and ask some important questions about how to prepare and treat people for unusual and overwhelming circumstances.

It is interesting this meeting of coaching and psychology, the one with a background of focusing on performance and the other with explaining and healing the soul. We do seem to be facing social and environmental disasters more or maybe it just seems so to every generation. We certainly have higher expectations of wellness, comfort, ease and protection which is reflected in our society, maybe as you suggest this gives rise to a need to become more resilient as there will always be things that can overcome us.
I think you are right in that we do need to develop a 'mindfulness' that can help us cope when these situations arise rather than being devastated and being dependent on outside intervention as it might not be around or take it's time in arriving.

I am referring to the individual rather than situations like Haiti where of course outside intervention for such a catastrophic scale of disaster is absolutely necessary.

As you mentioned psychology has already developed strategies for dealing with stress such as Stress Innoculation Therapy (a form of CBT) for dealing with future stress and Hardiness Training (a change of mindset). These have both found to be successful in lessening the effects of stress and increasing coping abilities but need to be repeated at intervals for ongoing effectiveness.
How much more effective is an inner moral conviction or faithful mindset of someone who believes in a spiritual realm which transcends our experience on earth. This generates from within instead of being applied from without. But even if people do not believe in a higher being or spiritual life I believe that psychology can still lend coaching depth, vision and insight to deliver change beyond performance. Or perhaps as you suggest we need to reach higher into a spiritual realm for answers. regards, Felicity

Reply
Nick Wright
4/7/2012 08:04:46 am

Hi Felicity and thank you for such affirming feedback. I haven't come across stress inoculation therapy or hardiness training before. Could you say something about what beliefs they are based on and what they involve in practice? I would be very interested to hear more.

I found your contrast between between spirituality as generated from within and coaching or other interventions as from without interesting. I guess it begs all kinds of intriguing questions about the origin of spiritual and psychological experience and what takes place in coaching relationships.

With best wishes and thanks again for such a thoughtful response. Nick

Reply
Felicity O'Hanlon
11/7/2012 05:06:04 am

Hi Nick, stress innoculation training is a type of CBT, devised by someone called Meichenbaum in 1985. As the concept 'innoculation' suggests, it's about teaching a person to form a way of coping with future stress before problems arise although it works off experience of current or past stress. Like CBT there are 3 phases; conceptualisation (breaking down the stressor into components and reconceptualising them, skills acquisition and rehearsal i.e. relaxation, thinking, social skills, control and time management, application phase and follow through where they apply what they have learnt in role play imagery, modelling, imitation, training others. SIT has been found to generalise well to other situations unlike SD which is specific to the phobia it treats e.g. fear of flying.
Hardiness is a personality 'type' identified by Suzanne Kobasa and describes a person especially resistant to stress. Their main characteristics include an internal locus of control, having a strong sense of purpose and see life's problems as challenges to be overcome rather than threats or stressors, they embrace the opportunity for development. Kobasa thought this concept could be turned into a stress management technique and founded the Hardiness Institute in California. Hardiness training aims to increase a sense of control and self confidence so that people can deal with change more successfully and with less stress. There are also 3 phases like CBT; focusing on recognising signs of stress and their sources, relieving stress by changing physical responses and analysing the situation to gain insight for better coping, self improvement by learning new ways to looking at the problem and ways of taking control rather than feeling threatened. It has been found to be effective in improving performance with athletes but in other situations old coping habits need to be unlearned first before hardiness training can be introduced. It is therefore not a short term therapy. Both are recognised forms of stress management used with or without drug therapy (valium or beta blockers).
While a combination of therapies (both drug and psychological) often work more effectively together initially as a stress intervention measure, in reality what is sadly often the case is that a person might experience a lot of stress and go to their GP and get some medication for a while, without the psychological therapy. Or they might be fortunate to have stress management therapy provision at work but without the drug therapy. But it is unusual to find the effective provision of both together in the form of a personalised treatment. Provision of biological and psychological services are typically separated from one another.
regards Felicity




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    ​Nick Wright

    ​I'm a psychological coach, trainer and OD consultant. Curious to discover how can I help you? ​Get in touch!

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